Makina agalasi osasunthika omwe amakwaniritsa zomanga izi amakhala otchuka kwambiri polowera pansi kapena m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri.Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwalola kugwiritsa ntchito zomatira zolimba kwambiri kumamatira ma pumice akuluwa ku zida popanda kufunikira kuboola mabowo mugalasi.
Malo omwe ali pansi amawonjezera mwayi woti dongosololi liyenera kukhala ngati gawo loteteza anthu okhalamo, ndipo izi zimaposa kapena kupitilira zomwe zimafunikira mphepo.Mayesero ena achitidwa pa njira yokonzera mfundo pobowola, koma osati pa njira yolumikizira.
Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikujambula kuyesa koyerekeza pogwiritsa ntchito chubu chodzidzimutsa chokhala ndi zida zophulika kuti tiyerekeze kuphulika kuti tiyerekeze kuphulika kwa katundu pa chinthu chowonekera.Zosinthazi zikuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa kuphulika komwe kumatanthauzidwa ndi ASTM F2912 [1], komwe kumachitika pa mbale yopyapyala yokhala ndi sangweji ya SGP ionomer.Kafukufukuyu ndi nthawi yoyamba kuti athe kuwerengera zomwe zingachitike pakuyesa kwakukulu komanso kapangidwe kazomangamanga.Ikani zida zinayi za TSSA zokhala ndi mainchesi 60 (2.36 mainchesi) ku mbale yagalasi yolemera 1524 x 1524 mm ( mainchesi 60 x 60 mainchesi).
Zigawo zinayi zomwe zidakwezedwa ku 48.3 kPa (7 psi) kapena kutsika sizinawononge kapena kukhudza TSSA ndi galasi.Zigawo zisanu zidanyamulidwa pansi pa 62 kPa (9 psi), ndipo zinayi mwa magawo asanuwo zidawonetsa kusweka kwa magalasi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti galasilo lisunthike poyambira.Nthawi zonse, TSSA idakhalabe yolumikizidwa kuzitsulo zazitsulo, ndipo palibe vuto, kumamatira kapena kugwirizana komwe kunapezeka.Kuyesa kwawonetsa kuti, molingana ndi zofunikira za AAMA 510-14, mapangidwe oyesedwa a TSSA angapereke njira yotetezera chitetezo pansi pa katundu wa 48.3 kPa (7 psi) kapena kutsika.Zomwe zapangidwa pano zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga makina a TSSA kuti akwaniritse katundu womwe watchulidwa.
Jon Kimberlain (Jon Kimberlain) ndi katswiri wogwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba za silikoni za Dow Corning.Lawrence D. Carbary (Lawrence D. Carbary) ndi Dow Corning yemwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga zomangamanga yemwe ndi Dow Corning silicone ndi wofufuza wa ASTM.
Chomangira cha silicone cha mapanelo agalasi chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi 50 kupititsa patsogolo kukongola ndi magwiridwe antchito a nyumba zamakono [2] [3] [4] [5].Njira yokonzekera ikhoza kupanga khoma lakunja losalala losalekeza ndi kuwonekera kwakukulu.Chikhumbo chakuchulukirachulukira muzomangamanga chinapangitsa kuti pakhale chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makhoma a chingwe cha mesh ndi makoma akunja othandizidwa ndi bolt.Zomangamanga zomwe zili ndi zovuta zaukadaulo ziphatikiza umisiri wamakono ndipo ziyenera kutsatira malamulo achitetezo am'deralo ndi chitetezo.
Zomatira zowoneka bwino za silikoni (TSSA) zaphunziridwa, ndipo njira yothandizira galasi yokhala ndi zida zomangira bawuti m'malo mobowola mabowo yaperekedwa [6] [7].Ukadaulo wowonekera wa guluu wokhala ndi mphamvu, zomatira komanso zolimba zimakhala ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimalola opanga makhoma otchinga kupanga njira yolumikizirana mwapadera komanso yachilendo.
Zida zozungulira, zamakona atatu ndi zitatu zomwe zimakwaniritsa kukongola ndi magwiridwe antchito amapangidwe ndizosavuta kupanga.TSSA imachiritsidwa pamodzi ndi galasi laminated yomwe ikukonzedwa mu autoclave.Mukachotsa zinthuzo pamayendedwe a autoclave, mayeso otsimikizira 100% amatha kumaliza.Ubwino wotsimikizira zamtundu uwu ndi wapadera ku TSSA chifukwa ukhoza kupereka ndemanga pompopompo pamakonzedwe a msonkhanowo.
Kukana kwamphamvu [8] ndi kuyamwa kwamphamvu kwa zida zamtundu wa silikoni zaphunziridwa [9].Wolf et al.adapereka chidziwitso chopangidwa ndi University of Stuttgart.Deta iyi ikuwonetsa kuti, poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa quasi-static strain rate yotchulidwa mu ASTM C1135, kulimba kwa zinthu za silikoni zomangika kumakhala pamlingo wokulirapo wa 5m/s (197in/s).Mphamvu ndi elongation zimawonjezeka.Imawonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa kupsinjika ndi katundu wakuthupi.
Popeza TSSA ndi zinthu zotanuka kwambiri zokhala ndi modulus zapamwamba komanso mphamvu kuposa silikoni yokhazikika, ikuyembekezeka kutsata momwemonso.Ngakhale kuti mayesero a ma laboratory omwe ali ndi zovuta zambiri sizinachitike, zikhoza kuyembekezera kuti kuphulika kwakukulu kwa kuphulika sikudzakhudza mphamvu.
Galasi yotsekedwa yayesedwa, ikugwirizana ndi miyezo yochepetsera kuphulika [11], ndipo inawonetsedwa pa Tsiku la 2013 Glass Performance Day.Zotsatira zowoneka bwino zikuwonetsa ubwino wokonza galasi mwamakina galasi litasweka.Kwa machitidwe okhala ndi zomatira zoyera, izi zidzakhala zovuta.
Chimangocho chimapangidwa ndi njira yachitsulo yaku America yozama ya 151mm x 48.8 mm m'lifupi x 5.08mm ukonde makulidwe (6” x 1.92” x 0.20”), nthawi zambiri amatchedwa C 6” x 8.2# kagawo.Makanema a C amawotcherera palimodzi pamakona, ndipo gawo laling'ono la 9 mm (0.375 inchi) limawotcherera pamakona, ndikubwerera kuchokera pamwamba pa chimango.Bowo la 18mm (0.71 ″) linabowoleredwa mu mbale kotero kuti bawuti yokhala ndi mainchesi 14mm (0.55 ″) itha kulowetsedwamo mosavuta.
Zopangira zitsulo za TSSA zokhala ndi mainchesi 60 (2.36 mainchesi) ndi 50 mm (2 mainchesi) kuchokera pakona iliyonse.Ikani zida zinayi pagalasi lililonse kuti chilichonse chikhale chofanana.Mbali yapadera ya TSSA ndikuti imatha kuyikidwa pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa galasi.Zida zobowola zopangira makina mugalasi zimakhala ndi miyeso yeniyeni kuyambira m'mphepete, yomwe iyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kapangidwe kake ndipo iyenera kubowoleredwa musanapse.
Kukula pafupi ndi m'mphepete kumapangitsa kuwonekera kwa dongosolo lomalizidwa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kumachepetsa kumamatira kwa mgwirizano wa nyenyezi chifukwa cha torque yapansi pa mgwirizano wa nyenyezi.Galasi yosankhidwa kuti igwire ntchitoyi ndi zigawo ziwiri za 6mm (1/4 ″) zowoneka bwino za 1524mm x 1524mm (5′x 5′) zowala ndi Sentry Glass Plus (SGP) ionomer filimu yapakatikati 1.52mm (0.060) “).
Disiki ya TSSA ya 1 mm (0.040 inchi) yokhuthala imayikidwa pa 60 mm (2.36 inchi) m'mimba mwake yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.The primer idapangidwa kuti ipititse patsogolo kulimba kwa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndipo ndi chisakanizo cha silane ndi titanate mu zosungunulira.Chimbale chachitsulo chimakanizidwa ndi galasi ndi mphamvu yoyezera ya 0.7 MPa (100 psi) kwa mphindi imodzi kuti ipereke kunyowetsa ndi kukhudzana.Ikani zigawozo mu autoclave yomwe imafika ku 11.9 Bar (175 psi) ndi 133 C ° (272 ° F) kotero kuti TSSA ikhoza kufika pa nthawi ya 30 yonyowa yomwe ikufunika kuchiritsa ndi kugwirizana mu autoclave.
Autoclave ikamalizidwa ndikuzizidwa, yang'anani kukwanira kwa TSSA ndikulilimbitsa mpaka 55Nm (mapaundi 40.6) kuti muwonetse katundu wokhazikika wa 1.3 MPa (190 psi).Zida za TSSA zimaperekedwa ndi Sadev ndipo zimadziwika ngati zowonjezera za R1006 TSSA.
Sonkhanitsani thupi lalikulu la chowonjezera ku chimbale chochiritsa pagalasi ndikuchitsitsa muzitsulo zachitsulo.Sinthani ndi kukonza mtedza pazitsulo kuti galasi lakunja liwonongeke ndi kunja kwa chitsulo.Cholowa cha 13mm x 13mm (1/2″ x½”) chozungulira chozungulira chagalasi chimasindikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe amitundu iwiri a silikoni kuti kuyezetsa katundu kuyambike tsiku lotsatira.
Kuyesaku kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chubu chododometsa ku Explosives Research Laboratory ku Yunivesite ya Kentucky.Chubu chododometsa chimapangidwa ndi thupi lolimba lachitsulo, lomwe limatha kukhazikitsa mayunitsi mpaka 3.7mx 3.7m kumaso.
Chubu chokhudzidwa chimayendetsedwa ndi kuyika zophulika pamtunda wa chubu chophulika kuti chifanizire mbali zabwino ndi zoipa za chochitika chaphulika [12] [13].Ikani galasi lonse ndi chimango chachitsulo mu chubu chodzidzimutsa kuti muyesedwe, monga momwe chithunzi 4 chikusonyezera.
Masensa anayi opanikizika amaikidwa mkati mwa chubu chodzidzimutsa, kotero kuthamanga ndi kugunda kungayesedwe molondola.Makamera awiri amakanema a digito ndi kamera ya digito ya SLR idagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula mayeso.
Kamera yothamanga kwambiri ya MREL Ranger HR yomwe ili pafupi ndi zenera kunja kwa chubu chododometsa idayesa mayeso pazithunzi 500 pamphindikati.Khazikitsani 20 kHz deflection laser record pafupi ndi zenera kuti muyeze kupatuka pakati pa zenera.
Zigawo zinayi za chimango zinayesedwa nthawi zisanu ndi zinayi zonse.Ngati galasi silichoka potsegula, yesaninso chigawocho pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu ndi mphamvu.Pazifukwa zilizonse, kukakamizidwa kwa chandamale ndi zidziwitso zamagalasi ndi magalasi amalembedwa.Kenako, mayeso aliwonse amawerengedwanso molingana ndi AAMA 510-14 [Festration System Voluntary Guidelines for Explosion Hazard Mitigation].
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, misonkhano inayi ya mafelemu inayesedwa mpaka galasi litachotsedwa potsegula doko lophulika.Cholinga cha kuyesa koyamba ndikufikira 69 kPa pamtundu wa 614 kPa-ms (10 psi A 89 psi-msec).Pansi pa katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito, zenera lagalasi linasweka ndikumasulidwa ku chimango.Zomangamanga za Sadev zimapangitsa TSSA kumamatira kugalasi losweka.Galasi lolimbalo litasweka, galasilo linasiya polowera pambuyo pa kupatuka kwa pafupifupi 100 mm ( mainchesi anayi).
Pansi pa kuchuluka kwa katundu wopitilira, chimango cha 2 chinayesedwa katatu.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kulephera sikunachitike mpaka kukakamizidwa kukafika 69 kPa (10 psi).Kupanikizika kwapakati pa 44.3 kPa (6.42 psi) ndi 45.4 kPa (6.59 psi) sikudzakhudza kukhulupirika kwa chigawocho.Pansi pa mphamvu yoyezera ya 62 kPa (9 psi), kupatuka kwa galasi kunayambitsa kusweka, kusiya zenera lagalasi potsegula.Zida zonse za TSSA zimangiriridwa ndi galasi losweka, mofanana ndi Chithunzi 7.
Pansi pa kuchuluka kwa katundu wopitilira, chimango cha 3 chinayesedwa kawiri.Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kulephera sikunachitike mpaka kukakamizidwa kukafika pa chandamale 69 kPa (10 psi).Kuthamanga koyezera kwa 48.4 kPa (7.03) psi sikudzakhudza kukhulupirika kwa chigawocho.Kusonkhanitsa deta kunalephera kulola kusokonezeka, koma kuyang'ana pavidiyoyi kunasonyeza kuti kusokonezeka kwa chimango cha 2 test 3 ndi chimango cha 4 kuyesa 7 kunali kofanana.Pansi pa mphamvu yoyezera ya 64 kPa (9.28 psi), kupatuka kwa galasi kuyeza pa 190.5 mm (7.5 ″) kudapangitsa kusweka, kusiya zenera lagalasi potsegula.Zida zonse za TSSA zimamangiriridwa ndi galasi losweka, mofanana ndi Chithunzi 7.
Ndi kuchuluka kopitilira muyeso, chimango cha 4 chinayesedwa katatu.Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti kulephera sikunachitike mpaka kukakamizidwa kufika pa cholinga cha 10 psi kachiwiri.Kupanikizika kwapakati pa 46.8 kPa (6.79) ndi 64.9 kPa (9.42 psi) sikudzakhudza kukhulupirika kwa chigawocho.Mu mayeso #8, galasilo lidayezedwa kuti lipindike 100 mm (ma mainchesi 4).Zikuyembekezeka kuti katunduyu adzapangitsa galasi kusweka, koma mfundo zina za data zitha kupezeka.
Mu mayeso #9, kuthamanga kwa 65.9 kPa (9.56 psi) kunasokoneza galasi ndi 190.5 mm (7.5 ″) ndikupangitsa kuti kusweka, kusiya zenera lagalasi potsegula.Zida zonse za TSSA zimamangiriridwa ndi galasi losweka lomwelo losweka monga momwe zilili Chithunzi 7 Muzochitika zonse, zowonjezera zimatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta pazitsulo zachitsulo popanda kuwonongeka koonekeratu.
TSSA pamayeso aliwonse imakhalabe yosasinthika.Pambuyo pa mayeso, galasi likadakhalabe, palibe kusintha kowoneka mu TSSA.Kanema wothamanga kwambiri akuwonetsa galasi likusweka pakati pa span kenako ndikusiya kutsegula.
Kuchokera kuyerekeza kulephera kwa magalasi ndipo palibe kulephera mu Chithunzi 8 ndi Chithunzi 9, n'zochititsa chidwi kuzindikira kuti galasi lophwanyika la galasi limapezeka kutali ndi malo omwe amamangiriridwa, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti gawo losagwirizana la galasi lafika popindika, ikuyandikira mwachangu Malo opumira a galasi amafanana ndi gawo lomwe limakhala lomangika.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuti panthawi yoyesedwa, mbale zosweka m'zigawozi zikhoza kusuntha pansi pa mphamvu zometa ubweya.Kuphatikizira mfundoyi ndikuwona kuti njira yolephereka ikuwoneka ngati kugwedezeka kwa makulidwe a galasi pamawonekedwe omatira, pamene katundu woperekedwa ukuwonjezeka, ntchitoyo iyenera kukonzedwa mwa kuwonjezera makulidwe a galasi kapena kulamulira kupotoza ndi njira zina.
Mayeso 8 a Frame 4 ndiwodabwitsa kwambiri pamalo oyesera.Ngakhale galasi silinawonongeke kotero kuti chimango chikhoza kuyesedwa kachiwiri, TSSA ndi zomangira zozungulira zozungulira zimatha kusunga katundu waukuluwu.Dongosolo la TSSA limagwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zinayi za 60mm kuthandizira galasi.Mapangidwe amphepo ndi katundu wamoyo komanso wokhazikika, onse pa 2.5 kPa (50 psf).Uku ndi kapangidwe kocheperako, kowonekera bwino kamangidwe kake, kamakhala kokwezeka kwambiri, ndipo TSSA imakhalabe.
Kafukufukuyu adachitidwa kuti adziwe ngati zomatira zamagalasi zili ndi zoopsa zina kapena zolakwika potengera zofunikira zochepa pakuchita mchenga.Mwachiwonekere, dongosolo losavuta la 60mm TSSA limayikidwa pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa galasi ndipo limagwira ntchito mpaka galasi litasweka.Galasiyo ikapangidwa kuti isaphwanyeke, TSSA ndi njira yolumikizira yomwe imatha kupereka chitetezo kwina ndikusunga zofunikira zanyumbayo kuti ziwonekere komanso zotseguka.
Malinga ndi muyezo wa ASTM F2912-17, zigawo zoyesedwa zenera zimafika pamlingo wa H1 pamlingo wa C1.Chowonjezera cha Sadev R1006 chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kafukufuku sichikukhudzidwa.
Galasi yotentha yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziroli ndi "ulalo wofooka" mu dongosolo.Galasiyo ikathyoka, TSSA ndi mzere wosindikiza wozungulira sungathe kusunga galasi lalikulu, chifukwa zidutswa zazing'ono za galasi zimakhalabe pazitsulo za silicone.
Kuchokera pamawonekedwe apangidwe ndi machitidwe, makina omatira a TSSA atsimikiziridwa kuti amapereka chitetezo chapamwamba pazigawo za facade zophulika pamtunda woyambirira wa zizindikiro zophulika, zomwe zavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi makampani.Chiwonetsero choyesedwa chikuwonetsa kuti chiwopsezo cha kuphulika chikakhala pakati pa 41.4 kPa (6 psi) ndi 69 kPa (10 psi), magwiridwe antchito pamlingo wowopsa amakhala wosiyana kwambiri.
Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti kusiyana kwamagulu owopsa sikumayambika chifukwa cha kulephera kwa zomatira monga momwe zimasonyezedwera ndi kulephera kolumikizana kwa zomatira ndi zidutswa zamagalasi pakati pa ziwopsezo zowopsa.Malinga ndi zomwe tawona, kukula kwa galasi kumasinthidwa moyenera kuti achepetse kuponderezana kuti apewe kuphulika chifukwa cha kuwonjezereka kwa kumeta ubweya pamawonekedwe opindika ndi kumamatira, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuchita.
Mapangidwe amtsogolo atha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ngozi pansi pa katundu wapamwamba powonjezera makulidwe a galasi, kukonza malo a mfundoyo ndi m'mphepete, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zomatira.
[1] ASTM F2912-17 Standard Glass Fiber Specification, Glass and Glass Systems Pansi pa High Altitude Loads, ASTM International, West Conshawken, Pennsylvania, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1520/F2912-17 [2] Hilliard, JR, Paris, CJ ndi Peterson, CO, Jr., "Structural Sealant Glass, Sealant Technology for Glass Systems", ASTM STP 638, ASTM International, West Conshooken, Pennsylvania, 1977, p.masamba 67-99.[3] Zarghamee, MS, TA, Schwartz, ndi Gladstone, M. , "Seismic Performance of Structural Silica Glass", Kusindikiza Kumanga, Kusindikiza, Glass ndi Waterproof Technology, Volume 1. 6. ASTM STP 1286, JC Myers, mkonzi, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 1996, pp. 46-59.[4] Carbary, LD, "Review of Durability and Performance of Silicone Structural Glass Window Systems", Glass Performance Day, Tampere Finland, June 2007, Conference Proceedings, masamba 190-193.[5] Schmidt, CM, Schoenherr, WJ, Carbary LD, ndi Takish, MS, "Performance of Silicone Structural Adhesives", Glass System Science and Technology, ASTM STP1054, CJ University of Paris, American Society for Testing and Equipment, Philadelphia, 1989 Zaka, pp. 22-45 [6] Wolf, AT, Sitte, S., Brasseur, M., J. ndi Carbary L. D, "Transparent Structural Silicone Adhesive for Fixing Glazing Dispensing (TSSA) Kuwunika koyambirira kwa makina katundu ndi kulimba kwa chitsulo”, The Fourth International Durability Symposium “Construction Sealants and Adhesives”, ASTM International Magazine, yofalitsidwa pa intaneti, August 2011, Volume 8, Issue 10 (11 November 2011 Month), JAI 104084, ikupezeka patsamba lotsatirali : www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/JAI/PAGES/JAI104084.htm.[7] Clift, C., Hutley, P., Carbary, LD, Zomatira za silicone za Transparent structure, Glass Performance Day, Tampere, Finland, June 2011, Proceedings of the meeting, masamba 650-653.[8] Clift, C., Carbary, LD, Hutley, P., Kimberlain, J., "New Generation Structural Silica Glass" Facade Design and Engineering Journal 2 (2014) 137-161, DOI 10.3233 / FDE-150020 [9] ] Kenneth Yarosh, Andreas T. Wolf, ndi Sigurd Sitte "Kuwunika kwa Silicone Rubber Sealants mu Mapangidwe a Bulletproof Windows ndi Curtain Walls pa High Moving Rates", ASTM International Magazine, Issue 1. 6. Paper No. 2, ID JAI101953 [ 10] ASTM C1135-15, Njira Yoyezetsa Yodziwira Magwiridwe Okhazikika a Structural Sealants, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1520/C1135-15 [11] Morgan, T. , "Kupita patsogolo kwa Glass-proof Bolt Fixed Glass", Tsiku la Glass Performance, June 2103, mphindi za msonkhano, mas. , ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1520/F1642_F1642M-17 [13] Wedding, William Chad ndi Braden T.Lusk."Njira yatsopano yodziwira kuyankha kwa magalasi oletsa kuphulika pamakina ophulika."Metric 45.6 (2012): 1471-1479.[14] "Malangizo Odzifunira Othandizira Kuchepetsa Kuopsa kwa Kuphulika kwa Vertical Window Systems" AAMA 510-14.