Point-fixed girazi masisitimu anosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuvaka izvi anonyanya kufarirwa mumasuo epasi kana nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji.Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwazvino kwakabvumira kushandiswa kweanonamira e-ultra-high-simba kuti abatanidze mapumi makuru aya kune zvishongedzo pasina kudiwa kwekuboora maburi mugirazi.
Iyo yakajairika nzvimbo yepasi inowedzera mukana wekuti sisitimu inofanirwa kuita senge yekudzivirira yekuvaka vagari, uye ichi chinodiwa chinodarika kana kupfuura zvakajairwa mhepo inorema zvinodiwa.Mimwe bvunzo yakaitwa pane iyo point fixing system yekuchera, asi kwete panzira yekubatanidza.
Chinangwa chechinyorwa chino ndechekurekodha bvunzo yekutevedzera uchishandisa chubhu yekuvhundutsa ine zvinoputika charges kutevedzera kuputika kutevedzera mabatiro emutoro unoputika pachikamu chakasungwa chakajeka.Izvi zvinosiyana zvinosanganisira kuputika mutoro unotsanangurwa neASTM F2912 [1], iyo inoitwa pandiro yakatetepa ine SGP ionomer sandwich.Tsvagiridzo iyi inguva yekutanga iyo inogona kuverengera inogona kuputika kuita kwekuyedzwa kukuru uye dhizaini yekuvaka.Batanidza mana TSSA mafittings ane dhayamita 60 mm (2.36 inches) kune girazi ndiro rinoyera 1524 x 1524 mm (60 inches x 60 inches).
Izvo zvikamu zvina zvakatakurwa ku48.3 kPa (7 psi) kana pasi hazvina kukuvadza kana kukanganisa TSSA negirazi.Zvikamu zvishanu zvakatakurwa pasi pekumanikidzwa pamusoro pe62 kPa (9 psi), uye zvina zvezvikamu zvishanu zvakaratidza kuputsika kwegirazi, zvichiita kuti girazi rishanduke kubva pakuvhura.Muzviitiko zvose, TSSA yakaramba yakanamatira kune zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, uye hapana kusashanda, kunamatira kana kusungirirwa kwakawanikwa.Kuedzwa kwakaratidza kuti, maererano nezvinodiwa zveAAMA 510-14, iyo yakaedzwa TSSA dhizaini inogona kupa inoshanda kuchengetedza hurongwa pasi pemutoro we48.3 kPa (7 psi) kana pasi.Iyo data inogadzirwa pano inogona kushandiswa kugadzira iyo TSSA system kuti isangane nemutoro wakatarwa.
Jon Kimberlain (Jon Kimberlain) ndiye nyanzvi yekushandisa yepamusoro yeDow Corning's high-performance silicones.Lawrence D. Carbary (Lawrence D. Carbary) iDow Corning inyanzvi yekugadzira indasitiri yekuvaka inova Dow Corning silicone uye ASTM muongorori.
Iyo yakagadzirwa nesilicone yakasungirirwa yegirazi mapaneru yakashandiswa kweanoda kusvika makore 50 kusimudzira aesthetics uye kushanda kwezvivakwa zvemazuva ano [2] [3] [4] [5].Nzira yekugadzirisa inogona kuita kuti rusvingo rwekunze rwakatsetseka ruchienderera mberi nepamusoro-soro.Chishuvo chekuwedzera kujeka mukuvaka kwakatungamira mukuvandudzwa uye kushandiswa kwetambo mesh madziro uye bhaudhi-inotsigirwa ekunze madziro.Zvivakwa zvinonetsa zvine mutsindo zvichasanganisira tekinoroji yemazuva ano uye zvinofanirwa kuenderana nezvivakwa zvemuno nekuchengetedza macode uye zviyero.
Iyo yakajeka structural silicone adhesive (TSSA) yakadzidzwa, uye nzira yekutsigira girazi ine mabhaudhi ekugadzirisa zvikamu panzvimbo yemakomba ekuchera yakatsanangurwa [6] [7].Iyo yakajeka glue tekinoroji ine simba, kunamatira uye kusimba ine akatevedzana emuviri zvivakwa zvinobvumira machira emadziro ekugadzira kugadzira iyo yekubatanidza system nenzira yakasarudzika uye novel.
Round, rectangular uye triangular accessories zvinosangana neaesthetics uye maitiro ekuita zviri nyore kugadzira.TSSA inorapwa pamwe chete negirazi rakashongedzwa riri kugadziriswa mune autoclave.Mushure mekubvisa zvinhu kubva pa autoclave kutenderera, iyo 100% yekusimbisa bvunzo inogona kupedzwa.Iyi yemhando yekusimbisa mukana yakasarudzika kune TSSA nekuti inogona kupa mhinduro nekukurumidza pane kurongeka kwegungano.
Iko kupikisa kwemaitiro [8] uye kuvhunduka kutorwa kwemaitiro ezvakajairwa structural silicone zvinhu zvakadzidzwa [9].Wolf et al.yakapa data yakagadzirwa neYunivhesiti yeStuttgart.Idzi data dzinoratidza kuti, kana zvichienzaniswa neiyo quasi-static strain rate inotsanangurwa muASTM C1135, kusimba kwesimba reiyo structural silikoni zvinhu iri padanho rekupedzisira rekumanikidza re5m/s (197in/s).Simba uye elongation kuwedzera.Inoratidza hukama pakati pekuomesera uye zvinhu zvemuviri.
Sezvo TSSA iri yakanyanyisa elastic zvinhu ine yakakwira modulus uye simba pane yekumisikidza silicone, inotarisirwa kutevedzera zvakafanana kuita kwese.Kunyange zvazvo miedzo ye laboratori ine mazinga akakwirira asina kuitwa, zvinogona kutarisirwa kuti kukwirira kwepamusoro mukuputika hakuzokanganisa simba.
Girazi rakavharidzirwa rakaedzwa, rinosangana nekuputika kuderedza zviyero [11], uye yakaratidzwa pa2013 Glass Performance Day.Mhedzisiro yekuona inoratidza zvakajeka zvakanakira kugadzirisa girazi mushure mekunge girazi raputswa.Kune masisitimu ane yakachena adhesive attachment, izvi zvichave zvakaoma.
Furemu inogadzirwa neAmerican standard steel channel ine zvidimbu zve151mm kudzika x 48.8 mm hupamhi x 5.08mm web ukobvu (6” x 1.92” x 0.20”), inowanzonzi C 6” x 8.2# slot.Iyo C chiteshi inobatanidzwa pamwe chete pamakona, uye 9 mm (0.375 inch) gobvu triangular chikamu chinosungirirwa pamakona, chakaiswa kumashure kubva pamusoro pefuremu.Gomba re18mm (0.71 ″) rakaboorwa mundiro kuitira kuti bhaudhi rine dhayamita re14mm (0.55 ″) ripinzwe nyore mariri.
TSSA masimbi emagetsi ane dhayamita ye60 mm (2.36 inches) ari 50 mm (2 inches) kubva pakona yega yega.Isa zvigadziriso zvina kune chimwe nechimwe chegirazi kuita kuti zvese zvienzane.Chinhu chakasarudzika cheTSSA ndechekuti inogona kuiswa padyo nemupendero wegirazi.Zvishandiso zvekuchera zvekugadzira michina mugirazi zvine zviyero zvakati kutanga kubva kumucheto, izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa mudhizaini uye zvinofanirwa kudhirwa isati yapisa.
Saizi iri padyo nemupendero inovandudza kujeka kweiyo yakapera system, uye panguva imwechete inoderedza kunamatira kweiyo nyeredzi yekubatana nekuda kweiyo torque yakaderera pane yakajairwa nyeredzi.Girazi rakasarudzwa purojekiti iyi maviri 6mm (1/4 ″) akadzikama akajeka 1524mm x 1524mm (5′x 5′) akaturikidzana neSentry Glass Plus (SGP) ionomer yepakati firimu 1.52mm (0.060) “).
A 1 mm (0.040 inch) gobvu TSSA dhisiki rinoiswa kune 60 mm (2.36 inch) dhayamita primed Stainless simbi inokodzera.Iyo primer yakagadzirirwa kuvandudza kusimba kwekunamatira kune Stainless simbi uye musanganiswa we silane uye titanate mune solvent.Iyo simbi disc inotsikirirwa pagirazi ine simba rakayerwa re0.7 MPa (100 psi) kweminiti imwe chete kupa wetting uye kubata.Isa izvo zvikamu mu autoclave inosvika 11.9 Bar (175 psi) uye 133 C ° (272 ° F) kuitira kuti TSSA isvike iyo 30-maminetsi soak nguva inodiwa pakurapa uye kubatana mu autoclave.
Mushure mekunge autoclave yapedzwa uye yatonhodzwa, ongorora imwe neimwe TSSA yakakodzera uye woisimbisa ku55Nm (40.6 tsoka pounds) kuratidza chiyero chakajairwa che1.3 MPa (190 psi).Zvishandiso zveTSSA zvinopihwa naSadev uye zvinoonekwa seR1006 TSSA accessories.
Unganidza mutumbi mukuru wechishandiso kune disc yekurapa pagirazi uye uidzikise musimbi yesimbi.Gadzirisa uye gadzirisa nuts pamabhoti kuitira kuti girazi rekunze rive rakaputika nekunze kwesimbi yesimbi.Iyo 13mm x 13mm (1/2 ″ x½”) yakabatana yakatenderedza girazi inotenderera inonamwa nezvikamu zviviri-maviri chimiro chesilicone kuitira kuti bvunzo yekumanikidza inogona kutanga zuva rinotevera.
Muedzo uyu wakaitwa pachishandiswa chubhu yekuvhunduka paExplosives Research Laboratory paYunivhesiti yeKentucky.Iyo yekuvhundutsa inobata chubhu inoumbwa nesimbi yakasimbiswa muviri, iyo inogona kuisa mayunitsi anosvika 3.7mx 3.7m pachiso.
Iyo inokanganisa chubhu inofambiswa nekuisa zvinoputika pamwe nekureba kwechubhu inoputika kutevedzera zvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka zvikamu zvechiitiko chekuputika [12] [13].Isa girazi rese uye simbi furemu musangano muchubhu inobata-inobata kuti iedzwe, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo 4.
Masensa mana ekumanikidza akaiswa mukati mehubhu yekuvhunduka, saka kudzvanywa uye kupuruzira kunogona kuyerwa nemazvo.Makamera maviri edhijitari vhidhiyo kamera uye yedhijitari SLR kamera yakashandiswa kurekodha bvunzo.
Iyo MREL Ranger HR yakakwirira-kumhanya kamera iri padyo nehwindo kunze kwechubhu yekuvhundutsa yakabata bvunzo pa500 mafuremu pasekondi.Seta 20 kHz deflection laser rekodhi pedyo nehwindo kuyera kutsauka pakati pehwindo.
Izvo zvikamu zvina zvegadziriro zvakaedzwa kapfumbamwe muhuwandu.Kana girazi rikasasiya pakavhurika, dzokorora chikamu pasi pekumanikidza kwakanyanya uye kukanganisa.Muchiitiko chega chega, kudzvinyirirwa kwechinangwa uye mafungiro uye girazi deformation data inorekodhwa.Zvadaro, bvunzo yega yega inoyerwawo zvinoenderana neAAMA 510-14 [Feststration System Voluntary Guidelines for Explosion Hazard Mitigation].
Sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, magungano mana emapuranga akaedzwa kusvikira girazi rabviswa kubva pakuvhura kwechiteshi chekuputika.Chinangwa chebvunzo yekutanga ndechekusvika 69 kPa pamhepo ye614 kPa-ms (10 psi A 89 psi-msec).Pasi pemutoro wakashandiswa, hwindo regirazi rakaputsika uye rakasunungurwa kubva pamapuranga.Sadev point fittings inoita kuti TSSA inamate kune yakaputsika girazi rine hasha.Pakaputsika girazi rakaomeswa, girazi rakasiya pakavhurika mushure mekutsauka kweanenge 100 mm (4 inches).
Pasi pemamiriro ekuwedzera kuenderera mberi, chimiro 2 chakaedzwa 3 nguva.Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti kukundikana hakuna kuitika kusvikira kudzvinyirira kwasvika 69 kPa (10 psi).Izvo zviyero zvakayerwa zve44.3 kPa (6.42 psi) uye 45.4 kPa (6.59 psi) hazvizokanganisa kuvimbika kwechikamu.Pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakayerwa kwe62 kPa (9 psi), kutsauka kwegirazi kwakakonzera kutyoka, kuchisiya hwindo regirazi mukuvhura.Zvese TSSA zvishongedzo zvakasungirirwa negirazi rakaputsika, zvakafanana nemufananidzo 7.
Pasi pemamiriro ekuwedzera kuenderera mberi, chimiro 3 chakaedzwa kaviri.Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti kukundikana hakuna kuitika kusvikira kudzvinyirira kwasvika kune chinangwa 69 kPa (10 psi).Iyo yakayerwa dzvinyiriro ye48.4 kPa (7.03) psi haizokanganisa kuvimbika kwechikamu.Kuunganidzwa kwedata kwakatadza kubvumidza kutsauka, asi kutarisa kwekuona kubva muvhidhiyo kwakaratidza kuti kutsauka kwechimiro 2 bvunzo 3 uye furemu 4 bvunzo 7 zvakafanana.Pasi pekuyeresa kwe64 kPa (9.28 psi), kutsauka kwegirazi kuyerwa pa190.5 mm (7.5 ″) kwakakonzera kuputsika, kuchisiya hwindo regirazi mukuvhurwa.Zvose TSSA accessories zvakabatanidzwa negirazi rakaputsika, zvakafanana nemufananidzo 7.
Nekuwedzera kuenderera mberi mutoro, chimiro 4 chakaedzwa 3 nguva.Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti kukundikana hakuna kuitika kusvikira kudzvinyirira kwasvika kune chinangwa 10 psi kechipiri.Izvo zviyero zvakayerwa zve46.8 kPa (6.79) uye 64.9 kPa (9.42 psi) hazvizokanganisa kuvimbika kwechikamu.Mukuedza #8, girazi rakayerwa kukotama 100 mm (4 inches).Zvinotarisirwa kuti mutoro uyu uchaita kuti girazi riputse, asi mamwe mapoinzi data anogona kuwanikwa.
Muyedzo #9, kuyerwa kwe65.9 kPa (9.56 psi) kwakatenderedza girazi ne190.5 mm (7.5 ″) uye kwakakonzera kutyoka, kuchisiya hwindo regirazi mukuvhurwa.Zvese TSSA zvishongedzo zvakanamirwa neyakaputsika girazi rakaputsika sezviri muMufananidzo 7 Muzviitiko zvese, zvishongedzo zvinogona kubviswa zviri nyore kubva musimbi yesimbi pasina kukuvara kuri pachena.
Iyo TSSA yebvunzo yega yega inoramba isina kuchinjika.Mushure mekuedzwa, kana girazi richiramba rakasimba, hapana shanduko yekuona muTSSA.Vhidhiyo inomhanya-mhanya inoratidza girazi richitsemuka pakati pepakati uye richibva rabuda.
Kubva pakuenzanisa kwekukundikana kwegirazi uye pasina kukundikana muMufananidzo 8 uye Mufananidzo 9, zvinonakidza kuziva kuti girasi rekuputsika kwegirazi rinoitika kure kure nenzvimbo yekubatanidza, iyo inoratidza kuti chikamu chisina kuvharwa chegirazi chasvika pakukotama, iyo. iri kukurumidza kusvika Iyo brittle yield point yegirazi inoenderana nechikamu chinoramba chakasungwa.
Izvi zvinoratidza kuti panguva yekuedzwa, mahwendefa akaputsika muzvikamu izvi anogona kufamba pasi pemasimba ekucheka.Kubatanidza musimboti uyu uye kuona kuti iyo yekukundikana modhi inoratidzika kunge iri embrittlement yegirazi ukobvu pane adhesive interface, sezvo inotarwa mutoro unowedzera, kuita kunofanirwa kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera girazi gobvu kana kudzora kutsauka nedzimwe nzira.
Bvunzo 8 yeFremu 4 inoshamisa inoshamisa munzvimbo yekuyedza.Kunyangwe iyo girazi isina kukuvadzwa kuitira kuti furemu iongororwe zvakare, iyo TSSA uye yakatenderedza yekuisa chisimbiso mitsetse inogona kuramba ichichengetedza mutoro mukuru uyu.Iyo TSSA sisitimu inoshandisa ina 60mm zvakabatanidzwa kutsigira girazi.Iyo dhizaini mitoro yemhepo inorarama uye isingaperi mitoro, zvese pa2.5 kPa (50 psf).Iyi dhizaini ine mwero, ine yakanaka yekuvaka pachena, inoratidza mitoro yakanyanyisa, uye TSSA inoramba yakasimba.
Ichi chidzidzo chakaitwa kuti chione kana kunamatira kwekunamatira kwegirazi system kune dzimwe njodzi dzekuzvarwa kana hurema maererano nezvakaderera-chikamu chinodiwa chekuita jecha.Zviripachena, yakapfava 60mm TSSA accessory system inoiswa padyo nemupendero wegirazi uye ine kuita kwayo kusvika girazi raputsika.Kana girazi rakagadzirwa kuti rirambe kuputsika, TSSA inzira yekubatanidza inogona kupa imwe nhanho yedziviriro uchichengetedza zvinodiwa nechivako chekujeka uye kuvhurika.
Zvinoenderana neiyo ASTM F2912-17 yakajairwa, iyo yakaedzwa hwindo zvikamu zvinosvika paH1 njodzi nhanho paC1 standard level.Iyo Sadev R1006 yekuwedzera inoshandiswa muchidzidzo haina kukanganiswa.
Girazi rinopisa rinoshandiswa muchidzidzo ichi ndiro "weak link" muhurongwa.Kana girazi raputswa, TSSA uye tambo yakatenderedza yekuisa chisimbiso haigone kuchengetedza yakawanda yegirazi, nekuti diki diki zvidimbu zvegirazi zvinosara pane iyo silicone zvinhu.
Kubva pane dhizaini uye maitiro ekuona, iyo TSSA yekunamatira system yakaratidza kuti inopa yakakwira mwero wedziviriro mukuputika-giredhi facade zvikamu padanho rekutanga rezviratidziro zvinoputika, izvo zvakagamuchirwa zvakanyanya neindasitiri.Iyo yakaedzwa facade inoratidza kuti kana njodzi yekuputika iri pakati pe41.4 kPa (6 psi) uye 69 kPa (10 psi), kuita padanho rengozi kwakasiyana zvakanyanya.
Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuti mutsauko muchikamu chenjodzi haukonzereki nekutadza kwekunamira sezvinoratidzwa nekubatana kutadza maitiro ekunamira uye zvimedu zvegirazi pakati pezvikumbaridzo zvengozi.Zvinoenderana nekuona, saizi yegirazi inogadziridzwa zvakafanira kuti ideredze kutsauka kudzivirira brittleness nekuda kwekuwedzera kweshear mhinduro painterface yekukotama uye kunamatira, iyo inoratidzika sechinhu chakakosha mukuita.
Magadzirirwo emangwana anogona kukwanisa kudzikisa nhanho yengozi pasi pemitoro yepamusoro nekuwedzera ukobvu hwegirazi, kugadzirisa chinzvimbo chepoindi kumucheto, uye kuwedzera dhayamita yekubata kweanonamatira.
[1] ASTM F2912-17 Standard Glass Fiber Specification, Glass neGlass Systems Inoenderana neHigh Altitude Loads, ASTM International, West Conshawken, Pennsylvania, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1520/F2912-17 [2] Hilliard, JR, Paris, CJ naPeterson, CO, Jr., "Structural Sealant Glass, Sealant Technology yeGlass Systems", ASTM STP 638, ASTM International, West Conshooken, Pennsylvania, 1977, p.67- 99 mapeji.[3] Zarghamee, MS, TA, Schwartz, naGladstone, M. , "Seismic Performance of Structural Silica Glass", Kuisa Chisimbiso, Sealant, Glass uye Waterproof Technology, Bhuku 1. 6. ASTM STP 1286, JC Myers, mupepeti, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 1996, mapeji 46-59.[4] Carbary, LD, "Ongororo yeDurability uye Kuita kweSilicone Structural Glass Window Systems", Zuva rekushanda kweGlass, Tampere Finland, June 2007, Conference Proceedings, mapeji 190-193.[5] Schmidt, CM, Schoenherr, WJ, Carbary LD, uye Takish, MS, "Performance of Silicone Structural Adhesives", Glass System Science uye Technology, ASTM STP1054, CJ University yeParis, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1989 Makore, mapeji 22-45 [6] Wolf, AT, Sitte, S., Brasseur, M., J. uye Carbary L. D, "Transparent Structural Silicone Adhesive for Fixing Glazing Dispensing (TSSA) Preliminary assessment ye mechanical zvivakwa nekusimba kwesimbi”, The Fourth International Durability Symposium “Construction Sealants and Adhesives”, ASTM International Magazine, yakaburitswa pamhepo, Nyamavhuvhu 2011, Vhoriyamu 8, Chinyorwa 10 (11 Mbudzi 2011 Mwedzi), JAI 104084, inowanikwa kubva kune inotevera webhusaiti. : www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/JAI/PAGES/JAI104084.htm.[7] Clift, C., Hutley, P., Carbary, LD, Transparent structure silicone adhesive, Glass Performance Day, Tampere, Finland, June 2011, Proceedings of the meeting, mapeji 650-653.[8] Clift, C., Carbary, LD, Hutley, P., Kimberlain, J., “New Generation Structural Silica Glass” Facade Design uye Engineering Journal 2 (2014) 137–161, DOI 10.3233 / FDE-150020 [9 ] Kenneth Yarosh, Andreas T. Wolf, uye Sigurd Sitte "Kuongorora kweSilicone Rubber Sealants muKugadzirwa kweBulletproof Windows uye Curtain Walls pa High Moving Rates", ASTM International Magazine, Nyaya 1. 6. Pepa Nhamba 2, ID JAI101953 [ 10] ASTM C1135-15, Standard Test Method yeKuona iyo Tensile Adhesion Performance yeStructural Sealants, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1520/C1135-15 [11] Morgan, T. , "Kufambira mberi muKuputika-proof Bolt-Fixed Glass", Zuva rekushanda kweGlass, June 2103, maminetsi emusangano, mapeji 181-182 [12] ASTM F1642 / F1642M-17 Standard test nzira yegirazi uye magirazi masisitimu akaiswa kune yakakwira mhepo mitoro. , ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1520/F1642_F1642M-17 [13] Muchato, William Chad naBraden T.Lusk."Nzira itsva yekuona mhinduro yeanopesana-anoputika magirazi masisitimu kune zvinoputika."Metric 45.6 (2012): 1471-1479.[14] "Mitemo Yekuzvipira Yekuderedza Kuputika Kwengozi yeVertical Window Systems" AAMA 510-14.