Izinhlelo zengilazi ezigxilile ezihlangabezana nale mfuneko yezakhiwo zithandwa kakhulu ezindaweni zokungena eziphansi noma ezindaweni zomphakathi.Intuthuko yakamuva yobuchwepheshe ivumele ukusetshenziswa kwezinamatheliso ezinamandla aphezulu ukunamathisela lawa mapumice amakhulu ezisekelini ngaphandle kwesidingo sokubhoboza izimbobo engilazini.
Indawo evamile yaphansi yandisa amathuba okuthi isistimu kufanele isebenze njengesendlalelo esivikelayo kubahlali bezakhiwo, futhi le mfuneko idlula noma idlule izidingo ezijwayelekile zomthwalo womoya.Ezinye izivivinyo zenziwe ohlelweni lokulungisa amaphuzu lokumba, kodwa hhayi endleleni yokuhlanganisa.
Injongo yalesi sihloko ukurekhoda ukuhlolwa kokulingisa kusetshenziswa ishubhu lokushaqisa elinamacala aqhumayo ukulingisa ukuqhuma ukuze kulingise umthelela womthwalo oqhumayo engxenyeni eboshiwe ebonisa ngale.Lezi zinto eziguquguqukayo zihlanganisa umthwalo wokuqhuma ochazwe yi-ASTM F2912 [1], owenziwa epuletini elincanyana elinesemishi le-ionomer ye-SGP.Lolu cwaningo lungokokuqala lapho lukwazi ukulinganisa ukusebenza kokuqhuma okungaba khona kokuhlolwa kwesilinganiso esikhulu kanye nedizayini yezakhiwo.Namathisela okokufakwa kwe-TSSA okune okunobubanzi obungu-60 mm (2.36 amayintshi) epuleti lengilazi elikala 1524 x 1524 mm (60 amayintshi x 60 amayintshi).
Izingxenye ezine ezilayishwe ku-48.3 kPa (7 psi) noma ngaphansi azizange zilimaze noma zithinte i-TSSA nengilazi.Izingxenye ezinhlanu zilayishwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi engaphezu kuka-62 kPa (9 psi), futhi izingxenye ezine kweziyisihlanu zibonise ukuphuka kwengilazi, okwenza ingilazi isuke ekuvuleni.Kuzo zonke izimo, i-TSSA yahlala inamathele ezintweni zensimbi, futhi akukho ukungasebenzi, ukunamathela noma ukubopha okutholakele.Ukuhlola kubonise ukuthi, ngokuvumelana nezidingo ze-AAMA 510-14, idizayini ehloliwe ye-TSSA inganikeza isistimu yokuphepha esebenzayo ngaphansi komthwalo ongu-48.3 kPa (7 psi) noma ngaphansi.Idatha ekhiqizwe lapha ingasetshenziswa ukunjiniyela isistimu ye-TSSA ukuze ihlangabezane nomthwalo oshiwo.
UJon Kimberlain (Jon Kimberlain) uyingcweti yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithuthukisiwe zama-silicone e-Dow Corning asebenza kahle kakhulu.U-Lawrence D. Carbary (Lawrence D. Carbary) ungusosayensi wemboni yezokwakha esebenza kahle kakhulu e-Dow Corning oyi-silicone ye-Dow Corning kanye nomcwaningi we-ASTM.
Okunamathiselwe kwesakhiwo se-silicone yamaphaneli engilazi sekusetshenziswe cishe iminyaka engu-50 ukuthuthukisa ubuhle nokusebenza kwezakhiwo zesimanje [2] [3] [4] [5].Indlela yokulungisa ingenza udonga lwangaphandle olubushelelezi oluqhubekayo ngokusobala okuphezulu.Isifiso sokukhula obala ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo siholele ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezindonga zezintambo zekhebula kanye nezindonga zangaphandle ezisekelwa ibhawudi.Izakhiwo eziyingqophamlando eziyinselele yezakhiwo zizofaka ubuchwepheshe besimanjemanje futhi kufanele zithobele amakhodi nezimiso zokuphepha endawo.
I-adhesive ye-silicone yesakhiwo esobala (TSSA) isihloliwe, futhi indlela yokusekela ingilazi enezingxenye zokulungisa amabhawodi esikhundleni sezimbobo zokubhoboza iye yahlongozwa [6] [7].Ubuchwepheshe beglue obusobala obunamandla, ukunamathela nokuqina bunochungechunge lwezakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezivumela abaklami bezindonga zamakhethini ukuba baklame uhlelo lokuxhuma ngendlela eyingqayizivele neyinoveli.
Izinsiza eziyindilinga, eziwunxande nezingunxantathu ezihlangabezana nobuhle nokusebenza kwesakhiwo kulula ukuziklama.I-TSSA iyelapheka kanye nengilazi elayiniwe ecutshungulwa ku-autoclave.Ngemuva kokukhipha okokusebenza kumjikelezo we-autoclave, ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekisa okungu-100% kungaqedwa.Le nzuzo yokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi iyingqayizivele ku-TSSA ngoba inganikeza impendulo esheshayo ngobuqotho besakhiwo somhlangano.
Ukumelana nomthelela [8] kanye nomphumela wokushaqeka wokumunca wezinto ezijwayelekile ze-silicone zesakhiwo kuye kwafundwa [9].Wolf et al.idatha ekhiqizwe yiNyuvesi yaseStuttgart.Le datha ibonisa ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga le-quasi-static strain rate elicaciswe ku-ASTM C1135, amandla aqinile wezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-silicone yesakhiwo asezingeni eliphezulu lokucindezeleka elingu-5m/s (197in/s).Amandla nokwelulwa kuyanda.Ibonisa ubudlelwano phakathi kobunzima kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba.
Njengoba i-TSSA iyinto enwebeka kakhulu enemodulus namandla aphezulu kune-silicone yesakhiwo, kulindeleke ukuthi ilandele ukusebenza okufanayo okuvamile.Nakuba ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri okunamazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka kungenziwanga, kungalindelwa ukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokucindezeleka ekuqhumeni ngeke lithinte amandla.
Ingilazi ebholidi ihloliwe, ihlangabezana nezindinganiso zokunciphisa ukuqhuma [11], futhi yaboniswa ngoSuku Lokusebenza Lwengilazi lwango-2013.Imiphumela ebonakalayo ibonisa ngokucacile izinzuzo zokulungisa ingilazi ngomshini ngemva kokuba ingilazi iphukile.Kumasistimu anokunamathiselwe okumsulwa okunamathelayo, lokhu kuzoba inselele.
Uhlaka lwenziwe ngeshaneli yensimbi evamile yaseMelika enobukhulu obungu-151mm ukujula x 48.8 mm ububanzi x 5.08mm ukujiya kwewebhu (6” x 1.92” x 0.20”), ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi i-C 6” x 8.2# slot.Amashaneli angu-C ashiselwe ndawonye emakhoneni, futhi ingxenye engunxantathu engunxantathu engu-9 mm (0.375 inch) ishiselwe emakhoneni, ibuyiselwe emuva kusukela phezu kohlaka.Imbobo engu-18mm (0.71″) yabholwa epuletini ukuze ibhawudi enobubanzi obungu-14mm (0.55″) ifakwe kalula kulo.
Izinsimbi ze-TSSA ezinobubanzi obungu-60 mm (2.36 amayintshi) zingama-50 mm (2 amayintshi) ukusuka ekhoneni ngalinye.Faka izinto ezine ocezwini ngalunye lwengilazi ukuze wenze yonke into ilingane.Isici esiyingqayizivele se-TSSA ukuthi singabekwa eduze konqenqema lwengilazi.Izesekeli zokubhoboza zokulungiswa kwemishini engilazini zinezilinganiso ezithile eziqala ukusuka onqenqemeni, okufanele zifakwe ekwakhiweni futhi kufanele zibhojwe ngaphambi kokushisa.
Ubukhulu obuseduze nonqenqema buthuthukisa ukucaca kwesistimu eqediwe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kunciphisa ukunamathela kokuhlangana kwenkanyezi ngenxa ye-torque ephansi ekuhlanganyeleni kwenkanyezi evamile.Ingilazi ekhethelwe le phrojekthi iyizendlalelo ezimbili ze-6mm (1/4″) ezifudumele ezibonisa ngale 1524mm x 1524mm (5′x 5′) ezilanywe ngefilimu emaphakathi ye-Sentry Glass Plus (SGP) ionomer engu-1.52mm (0.060) “).
Idiski ye-TSSA engu-1 mm (0.040 intshi) ewugqinsi isetshenziswa ekufakweni kwensimbi engenasici engu-60 mm (2.36 inch) ububanzi obuyi-primed steel stainless.I-primer yakhelwe ukuthuthukisa ukuqina kokunamathela ensimbi engagqwali futhi iyingxube ye-silane ne-titanate ku-solvent.Idiski yensimbi icindezelwa engilazini ngamandla alinganisiwe angu-0.7 MPa (100 psi) umzuzu owodwa ukuze inikeze ukumanzisa nokuxhumana.Beka izingxenye ku-autoclave efinyelela ku-11.9 Bar (175 psi) kanye no-133 C° (272°F) ukuze i-TSSA ikwazi ukufinyelela isikhathi sokucwila esiyimizuzu engama-30 esidingekayo ukuze kuphulukiswe futhi kuhlanganiswe ku-autoclave.
Ngemuva kokuthi i-autoclave isiqediwe futhi ipholisiwe, hlola ukufaka ngakunye kwe-TSSA bese uyiqinisa ibe ngu-55Nm (40.6 foot pounds) ukukhombisa umthwalo ojwayelekile ongu-1.3 MPa (190 psi).Izesekeli ze-TSSA zihlinzekwa ngabakwa-Sadev futhi zikhonjwa njengezisekeli ze-TSSA zama-R1006.
Hlanganisa indikimba eyinhloko yesisekeli kwidiski yokupholisa engilazini bese wehlisela ohlakeni lwensimbi.Lungisa futhi ulungise amantongomane kuma-bolts ukuze ingilazi yangaphandle iguqe ngaphandle kohlaka lwensimbi.Ijoyinti elingu-13mm x 13mm (1/2″ x½”) elizungeze umjikelezo wengilazi livalwe ngesakhiwo esinezingxenye ezimbili ze-silicone ukuze ukuhlolwa komthwalo wengcindezi kuqale ngosuku olulandelayo.
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ishubhu lokushaqisa e-Explosives Research Laboratory eNyuvesi yaseKentucky.Ishubhu elidonsa ukushaqeka lakhiwe ngomzimba wensimbi oqinisiwe, ongafaka amayunithi afika ku-3.7mx 3.7m ebusweni.
Ishubhu yomthelela iqhutshwa ngokubeka iziqhumane ngobude beshubhu yokuqhuma ukulingisa izigaba ezinhle nezimbi zomcimbi wokuqhuma [12] [13].Faka yonke ingilazi nohlaka lwensimbi eshubhuni elimunca ukushaqeka ukuze lihlolwe, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.
Izinzwa zokucindezela ezine zifakwe ngaphakathi kweshubhu yokushaqeka, ngakho-ke ingcindezi ne-pulse kungalinganiswa ngokunembile.Kusetshenziswe amakhamera evidiyo edijithali amabili kanye nekhamera yedijithali ye-SLR ukurekhoda ukuhlolwa.
Ikhamera ye-MREL Ranger HR enesivinini esiphezulu etholakala eduze kwefasitela ngaphandle kweshubhu yokushaqeka ithwebule ukuhlolwa ngamafreyimu angu-500 ngomzuzwana.Setha irekhodi lelaser engu-20 kHz eduze kwewindi ukuze ulinganise ukuchezuka phakathi nendawo yewindi.
Izingxenye zohlaka ezine zahlolwa izikhathi eziyisishiyagalolunye sezizonke.Uma ingilazi ingashiyi indawo yokuvula, phinda uhlole ingxenye ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu nomthelela.Esimweni ngasinye, ingcindezi eqondiwe kanye nedatha ye-impulse ne-glass deformation iyarekhodwa.Bese, ukuhlolwa ngakunye kuphinda kukalwe ngokuya nge-AAMA 510-14 [Imihlahlandlela Yokuzithandela Yesistimu Ye-Festration Yokunciphisa Ingozi Yokuqhuma].
Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, imihlangano yefreyimu emine ihlolwe kwaze kwaba yilapho ingilazi ikhishwa ekuvuleni kwechweba lokuqhuma.Inhloso yokuhlolwa kokuqala ukufinyelela ku-69 kPa nge-pulse engu-614 kPa-ms (10 psi A 89 psi-msec).Ngaphansi komthwalo osetshenzisiwe, iwindi lengilazi laphuka futhi lakhululwa kuhlaka.Ukufakwa kwephuzu le-Sadev kwenza i-TSSA inamathele engilazini epholile ephukile.Lapho ingilazi eqinile iphihlika, ingilazi yashiya imbobo ngemva kokuphambuka okungaba ngu-100 mm (amayintshi angu-4).
Ngaphansi kwesimo sokwandisa umthwalo oqhubekayo, ifreyimu 2 ihlolwe izikhathi ezingu-3.Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ukwehluleka akuzange kwenzeke kuze kube yilapho ingcindezi ifinyelela ku-69 kPa (10 psi).Izingcindezi ezilinganisiwe ze-44.3 kPa (6.42 psi) kanye no-45.4 kPa (6.59 psi) ngeke zithinte ubuqotho bengxenye.Ngaphansi kwengcindezi elinganiselwe engu-62 kPa (9 psi), ukuchezuka kwengilazi kubangele ukuphuka, kwashiya iwindi lengilazi endaweni evulekile.Zonke izesekeli ze-TSSA zinamathiselwe ngengilazi epholile ephukile, njengakuMfanekiso 7.
Ngaphansi kwesimo sokwandisa umthwalo oqhubekayo, ifreyimu 3 ihlolwe kabili.Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ukwehluleka akuzange kwenzeke kuze kube yilapho ukucindezela kufinyelele ku-target 69 kPa (10 psi).Ingcindezi elinganisiwe engu-48.4 kPa (7.03) psi ngeke ithinte ubuqotho bengxenye.Ukuqoqwa kwedatha kuhlulekile ukuvumela ukuchezuka, kodwa ukubonwa okubukwayo okuvela kuvidiyo kubonise ukuthi ukuchezuka kohlaka 2 test 3 kanye nohlaka 4 test 7 ayefana.Ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokulinganisa engu-64 kPa (9.28 psi), ukuchezuka kwengilazi kuka-190.5 mm (7.5″) kubangele ukuphuka, kwashiya iwindi lengilazi endaweni evulekile.Zonke izesekeli ze-TSSA zixhunywe ngengilazi ephukile ephukile, efana ne-Figure 7.
Ngomthwalo oqhubekayo okhulayo, uhlaka 4 luhlolwe izikhathi ezingu-3.Imiphumela ibonise ukuthi ukwehluleka akuzange kwenzeke kuze kube yilapho ingcindezi ifinyelela ku-target 10 psi okwesibili.Izingcindezi ezilinganisiwe ze-46.8 kPa (6.79) kanye no-64.9 kPa (9.42 psi) ngeke zithinte ubuqotho bengxenye.Esivivinyweni #8, ingilazi ikalwe ukuze igobe u-100 mm (amayintshi angu-4).Kulindeleke ukuthi lo mthwalo ubangele ukuba ingilazi iphuke, kodwa amanye amaphuzu wedatha angatholakala.
Esivivinyweni #9, ingcindezi elinganiselwe engu-65.9 kPa (9.56 psi) iphambukise ingilazi ngo-190.5 mm (7.5″) futhi yabangela ukuphuka, kwashiya iwindi lengilazi endaweni evulekile.Zonke izesekeli ze-TSSA zinamathiselwe ngengilazi epholile efanayo ephukile njengakuMfanekiso 7 Kuzo zonke izimo, izesekeli zingasuswa kalula kuhlaka lwensimbi ngaphandle kokulimala okusobala.
I-TSA yokuhlolwa ngakunye ihlala ingashintshile.Ngemuva kokuhlolwa, lapho ingilazi ihlala injalo, alukho ushintsho olubonakalayo ku-TSSA.Ividiyo enesivinini esikhulu ibonisa ingilazi iphuka maphakathi ne-span bese ishiya indawo evulekile.
Kusukela ekuqhathaniseni ukwehluleka kwengilazi futhi akukho ukwehluleka kuMfanekiso 8 no-Figure 9, kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi imodi yokuphuka kwengilazi ivela kude nendawo yokunamathisela, okubonisa ukuthi ingxenye engaboshiwe yengilazi ifinyelele iphuzu lokugoba, okuyinto. isondela ngokushesha Iphuzu lengilazi lesivuno esiphukayo lihlobene nengxenye ehlala iboshiwe.
Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, amapuleti aphukile kulezi zingxenye cishe ahamba ngaphansi kwamandla okugunda.Ukuhlanganisa lesi simiso kanye nokubona ukuthi imodi yokwehluleka kubonakala sengathi i-embrittlement yobukhulu bengilazi ku-interface yokunamathisela, njengoba umthwalo onqunyiwe wanda, ukusebenza kufanele kuthuthukiswe ngokwandisa ubukhulu bezingilazi noma ukulawula ukuphambuka ngezinye izindlela.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-8 kohlaka 4 kuyisimangaliso esijabulisayo endaweni yokuhlola.Nakuba ingilazi ingonakalisiwe ukuze ifreyimu iphinde ihlolwe, i-TSSA kanye nemicu yokuvala ezungezile isengawugcina lo mthwalo omkhulu.Uhlelo lwe-TSSA lusebenzisa okunamathiselwe okune okungu-60mm ukusekela ingilazi.Imithwalo yomoya yomklamo iyimithwalo ebukhoma nengunaphakade, yomibili ku-2.5 kPa (50 psf).Lona idizayini emaphakathi, enokukhanya okuhle kwezakhiwo, ekhombisa imithwalo ephezulu kakhulu, futhi i-TSSA ihlala injalo.
Lolu cwaningo lwenziwa ukuze kutholwe ukuthi ukunamathela okunamathelayo kohlelo lwengilazi kunezingozi ezithile noma amaphutha ngokwezidingo ezisezingeni eliphansi zokusebenza kwe-sandblasting.Ngokusobala, uhlelo olulula lwe-TSSA lwe-60mm lufakwe eduze konqenqema lwengilazi futhi lusebenza kuze kube yilapho ingilazi iphuka.Uma ingilazi iklanyelwe ukumelana nokuphuka, i-TSSA iyindlela yokuxhumana esebenzayo enganikeza izinga elithile lokuvikela kuyilapho igcina izidingo zebhilidi zokungafihli nokuvuleka.
Ngokwezinga le-ASTM F2912-17, izingxenye zewindi ezihloliwe zifinyelela ezingeni le-H1 lengozi ezingeni elijwayelekile le-C1.Insiza ye-Sadev R1006 esetshenziswe ocwaningweni ayithinteki.
Ingilazi epholile esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo "isixhumanisi esibuthakathaka" ohlelweni.Uma ingilazi iphukile, i-TSSA kanye nomugqa wokuvala ozungezile awukwazi ukugcina inani elikhulu lengilazi, ngoba inani elincane lezingcezu zeglasi lihlala ezintweni ze-silicone.
Ngokombono wokuklama nokusebenza, uhlelo lokunamathela lwe-TSSA luye lwafakazelwa ukuthi luhlinzeka ngezinga eliphezulu lokuvikelwa ezingxenyeni ze-facade zebanga lokuqhuma ezingeni lokuqala lezinkomba zokusebenza eziqhumayo, okuye kwamukelwa kabanzi yimboni.I-facade ehloliwe ibonisa ukuthi uma ingozi yokuqhuma iphakathi kuka-41.4 kPa (6 psi) no-69 kPa (10 psi), ukusebenza kuleveli yengozi kuhluke kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi umehluko ekuhlukaniseni izingozi akubangelwa ukwehluleka kokunamathela njengoba kuboniswa imodi yokwehluleka okuhlangene kokunamathelayo nezingcezu zengilazi phakathi kwemingcele yengozi.Ngokokubonwa, ubukhulu bengilazi bulungiswa ngokufanele ukuze kuncishiswe ukuchezuka ukuze kuvinjwe ukonakala ngenxa yokwanda kokusabela kwe-shear endaweni esibonakalayo yokugoba nokunamathiselwe, okubonakala kuyisici esibalulekile ekusebenzeni.
Imiklamo yesikhathi esizayo ingase ikwazi ukunciphisa izinga lengozi ngaphansi kwemithwalo ephakeme ngokwandisa ukushuba kwengilazi, ukulungisa indawo yephoyinti ehlobene nonqenqema, nokwandisa ububanzi bokuxhumana bokunamathela.
[1] I-ASTM F2912-17 Ukucaciswa Kwe-Fiber Okujwayelekile Kwengilazi, I-Glass kanye Nezinhlelo Ze-Glass Kungaphansi Kwemithwalo Ye-Altitude Ephakeme, i-ASTM International, i-West Conshawken, e-Pennsylvania, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1520/F2912-17 [2 ] Hilliard, JR, Paris, CJ and Peterson, CO, Jr., “Structural Sealant Glass, Sealant Technology for Glass Systems”, ASTM STP 638, ASTM International, West Conshooken, Pennsylvania, 1977, p.67- 99 amakhasi.[3] I-Zarghamee, MS, TA, Schwartz, kanye no-Gladstone, M. , “Ukuzamazama Kwezimo Zengilazi Ye-Structural Silica Glass”, Ukutywinwa Kwesakhiwo, I-Sealant, I-Glass kanye Nobuchwepheshe Obungenamanzi, Umqulu 1. 6. ASTM STP 1286, JC Myers, umhleli, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 1996, amakhasi 46-59.[4] Carbary, LD, “Ukubuyekezwa Kokuqina Nokusebenza Kwe-Silicone Structural Glass Window Systems”, Usuku Lokusebenza Lwe-Glass, Tampere Finland, June 2007, Conference Proceedings, amakhasi 190-193.[5] Schmidt, CM, Schoenherr, WJ, Carbary LD, and Takish, MS, “Performance of Silicone Structural Adhesives”, Glass System Science and Technology, ASTM STP1054, CJ University of Paris, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1989 Years, pp. 22-45 [6] Wolf, AT, Sitte, S., Brasseur, M., J. kanye neCarbary L. D, “I-Transparent Structural Silicone Adhesive for Fixing Glazing Dispensing (TSSA) Ukuhlolwa kokuqala komshini izakhiwo nokuqina kwensimbi”, I-Fourth International Durability Symposium “Construction Sealants and Adhesives”, i-ASTM International Magazine, eshicilelwe ku-inthanethi, Agasti 2011, Umqulu 8, Ukukhishwa kwe-10 (11 Novemba 2011 Inyanga), i-JAI 104084, itholakala kuwebhusayithi elandelayo : www.astm.org/DIGITAL_LIBRARY/JOURNALS/JAI/PAGES/JAI104084.htm.[7] Clift, C., Hutley, P., Carbary, LD, Ukunamathiswa kwe-silicone yesakhiwo esisobala, Usuku Lokusebenza Kwengilazi, Tampere, Finland, Juni 2011, Izinqubo zomhlangano, amakhasi 650-653.[8] Clift, C., Carbary, LD, Hutley, P., Kimberlain, J., “New Generation Structural Silica Glass” Facade Design and Engineering Journal 2 (2014) 137–161, DOI 10.3233 / FDE-150020 [9 ] U-Kenneth Yarosh, u-Andreas T. Wolf, kanye no-Sigurd Sitte “Ukuhlolwa kwama-Silicone Rubber Sealants Ekuklanyweni Kwe-Bulletproof Windows and Curtain Walls at High Moving Rates”, I-ASTM International Magazine, Issue 1. 6. Paper No. 2, ID JAI101953 [ 10] I-ASTM C1135-15, Indlela Yokuhlola Ejwayelekile Yokunquma Ukusebenza Kwe-Tensile Adhesion of Structural Sealants, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1520/C1135-15 [11] Morgan, T. , “Inqubekelaphambili Yengilazi Engaqhumi I-Bolt-Fixed Glass”, Usuku Lokusebenza Lwengilazi, Juni 2103, amaminithi omhlangano, pp. 181-182 [12] ASTM F1642 / F1642M-17 Indlela yokuhlola ejwayelekile yengilazi nezinhlelo zengilazi ezingaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu yomoya , ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1520/F1642_F1642M-17 [13] Wedding, William Chad kanye noBraden T.Lusk."Indlela entsha yokunquma impendulo yezinhlelo zengilazi ezilwa neziqhumane emithwalweni eqhumayo."I-Metric 45.6 (2012): 1471-1479.[14] "Imihlahlandlela Yokuzithandela Yokunciphisa Ingozi Yokuqhuma Kwezinhlelo Zewindi Eliqondile" AAMA 510-14.